Weapon Mods in Mass Effect 3 can be applied to five of the six available Weapons. These are: Assault Rifles, Heavy Pistols, Submachine Guns, Shotguns and Sniper Rifles. There's a wide variety of mods than boost different weapons stats. Keep in mind that a weapon can only have two Weapon Mods applied at the same time, and the same mod cannot be applied twice to a single weapon. Weapon Mods range from level 1 to level 5, being level 1 the weakest version and the level 5 version the strongest one.
How do I upgrade a Weapon Mod?
You can upgrade a Weapon Mod when you find another instance of a mod that you already possess. This situation will lead to the mod upgrading to the next level. Shops will always carry mods one level above those you currently have.
Weapon Bench
To apply a Weapon Mod to any of the applicable type of Weapons you currently have, you need to visit a Weapon Bench. Weapon Benches can be found on almost any Location of the game.

All Mass Effect 3 Weapon Mods
All Assault Rifle Mods
All Heavy Pistol Mods
All Submachine Guns Mods
All Shotguns Mods
All Sniper Rifle Mods